Difference between revisions of "Medical Database - Bones"


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'''Heart'''
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This is a page for assisting those who wish to become Medical Officers and/or Nurses in the fleet.  In this document, we have compiled all the races currently in [[Pegasus Fleet]] for a look at how their bodies work to assist in learning the basics of [[Starfleet]] medicine.  For further details, please contact [[Veronica Constantine]] at [mailto:academy@pegasusfleet.net| academy@pegasusfleet.net].
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The heart is a hollow muscle that pumps blood throughout the body by means of the vascular system of arteries and veins.  The arteries and veins extend to all parts of the body and thus bruising can occur on any bodily surface.
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'''Lungs'''
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'''Note''':  It should be noted that while these and other bones are generic throughout humanoids, the density of the bones varies greatly from species to species.
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The lungs are essential for respiration or what is known as breathing.  Two lungs are usually the norm for most species, however, there are a few species that have more than two, most notably Klingons.  The lungs collect oxygen through a system of bronchi that lead to smaller bronchioles until it finally reaches the alveoli where the gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place.  The carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs, while the oxygen is collected and distributed throughout the body.
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'''Mandible'''<br>
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This is also known as the lower jaw and is where the teeth on the lower jaw are located.  The teeth on the upper jaw are located on the main skull
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'''Skull'''<br>
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The skull consists of the cranium, facial bones, and mandible, of which the latter has been covered.  The cranium protects the brain and keeps it from harm.  Because of this function, it is one of the most necessary bones in a humanoid skeleton.
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'''Spine'''<br>
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The spine protects the column of nerves known as the spinal column and also the heart and some other organs from attack from behind.  The spine is composed of flat bones called vertebrae which are have holes in the center for the spinal column which then runs through the holes in the middle.  The vertebrae are divided into four sections, those being: the cervical (neck and where it meets the shoulders), thoracic (shoulders to midback), lumbar (lower back) and tailbone.
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'''Clavicle'''<br>
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Otherwise known as the collarbone, it is the bone that works opposite the shoulder blades to allow the arm to rotate.  Breaking a clavicle on the wedding night is considered good luck in Klingon culture.
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'''Ribs'''<br>
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Ribs are the network of bones that protect the vital organs of the abdomen.
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'''Sternum'''<br>
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The sternum is the bone that connects the ribs over the heart and thus protects the heart from harm.
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'''Humerus'''<br>
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Also known as the funny bone, the humerus is the bone of the upper arm.
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'''Ulna and Radius'''<br>
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The ulna and radius are the bones in the forearm of most humanoids and cross over each other when the hand is turned palm down.  When the hand is turned palm up, the radius is towards the outside while the ulna is towards the inside.
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'''Femur'''<br>
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The thigh bone is one of the largest bones in the humanoid body and thus one of the hardest to break, though not impossible.
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'''Tibia and Fibula'''<br>
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The tibia and fibula are the bones in the lower leg, the tibia being the larger bone towards the inside while the fibula is the smaller, thinner bone towards the outside.
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'''Pelvic Girdle'''<br>
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The pelvic girdle, otherwise known as the pelvis, is a large, bilaterally symmetric bone structure with a spread at the back and an edge at the front.  These are called the pelvic inlet and the pelvic brim respectively.  In humanoids, the pelvic girdle has a gap in the middle, significantly larger in females than in males.  The pelvis is also tilted in females to be more horizontal, to allow easier passage of a baby’s head.
  
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'''Kidneys'''
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[[Category:Medical]]
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The Kidneys are organs that serve several essential roles in many humanoids.  They are essential to the urinary system and also regulate electrolytes and maintain acid-base balance and regulate the blood pressure of the individual, the latter by maintaining the salt and water balance.  They remove bodily wastes which are sent to the urinary bladder and are responsible for the reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids.
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[[Category:Academy Pages]]
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'''Liver'''
 
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The liver is a vital organ in humanoids and other vertebrate animals.  It has a variety of functions including detoxification, generating protein, and producing biochemical necessary for digestion.  It is vital for survival, though artificial livers are being produced.  The liver plays a major role in metabolism and also stores glycogen, decomposes red damaged red blood cells, produces hormones and detoxes the body.  It also produces bile, an alkaline compound which aids in digestion.
 
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'''Gall bladder'''
 
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This small organ aids mainly in fat digestion in humanoids and concentrates the bile produced by the liver.  While the loss of the gall bladder is tolerable in some humanoids, others cannot live without it.
 
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'''Pancreas'''
 
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The pancreas is a glandular organ that produces several important hormones including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin and also aids in digestion by secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes such as acidophilus and bifidus that assist in the absorption of nutrients and digestion in the small intestine.
 
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'''Stomach'''
 
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The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the digestion system which functions as an important organ of the digestive tract in humanoids.  It is involved in the second phase of digestion, following chewing.  The stomach secretes protein digesting enzymes and strong acids to aid in food digestion though smooth muscular contortions before sending food to the next phase in the digestion process, the small intestines.
 
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'''Small intestine'''
 
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This part of the digestive tract follows the stomach and in most humanoids is followed by the large intestine, and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place. 
 
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'''Large intestine'''
 
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The large intestine is behind the small intestine in some species and behind the secondary intestine in others.  In these species, it is called the tertiary intestine.
 
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Its function is to absorb water from the remaining part of the food that is indigestible and then to pass waste material from the body.  It consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.  This last part is where waste is expelled from the body.
 
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'''Reproductive system'''
 
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The reproductive systems of the various species of the Federation and the quadrant vary so greatly that we will speak of them within their own sections.
 
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'''Central Nervous System'''
 
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The brain and spinal cord are also called the central nervous system of any humanoid because all neural signals and must be sent through this system to reach any part of the body.  The brain is where the main neural actions are made, such as involuntary ones like the diaphragm causing the lungs to breathe or the stomach to make the acids needed for digestion.  It is also where voluntary actions are confirmed, such as walking or grasping a cup.  The brain in humanoids is where cognitive functions take place, such as creative thinking, vocalizing thoughts, and reading.  Some humanoids use more of their brains than others, causing a good deal more capability.  The spinal cord is the column of neural tissue that sends all neural signals from the brain to the nerves throughout the rest of the body.  The nerves then branch off throughout the rest of the body to receive commands from the brain.  They extend from the abdomen to the elbows and knees to the fingers and toes.
 

Latest revision as of 19:51, 16 February 2013

This is a page for assisting those who wish to become Medical Officers and/or Nurses in the fleet. In this document, we have compiled all the races currently in Pegasus Fleet for a look at how their bodies work to assist in learning the basics of Starfleet medicine. For further details, please contact Veronica Constantine at academy@pegasusfleet.net.



Note: It should be noted that while these and other bones are generic throughout humanoids, the density of the bones varies greatly from species to species.

Mandible
This is also known as the lower jaw and is where the teeth on the lower jaw are located. The teeth on the upper jaw are located on the main skull

Skull
The skull consists of the cranium, facial bones, and mandible, of which the latter has been covered. The cranium protects the brain and keeps it from harm. Because of this function, it is one of the most necessary bones in a humanoid skeleton.

Spine
The spine protects the column of nerves known as the spinal column and also the heart and some other organs from attack from behind. The spine is composed of flat bones called vertebrae which are have holes in the center for the spinal column which then runs through the holes in the middle. The vertebrae are divided into four sections, those being: the cervical (neck and where it meets the shoulders), thoracic (shoulders to midback), lumbar (lower back) and tailbone.

Clavicle
Otherwise known as the collarbone, it is the bone that works opposite the shoulder blades to allow the arm to rotate. Breaking a clavicle on the wedding night is considered good luck in Klingon culture.

Ribs
Ribs are the network of bones that protect the vital organs of the abdomen.

Sternum
The sternum is the bone that connects the ribs over the heart and thus protects the heart from harm.

Humerus
Also known as the funny bone, the humerus is the bone of the upper arm.

Ulna and Radius
The ulna and radius are the bones in the forearm of most humanoids and cross over each other when the hand is turned palm down. When the hand is turned palm up, the radius is towards the outside while the ulna is towards the inside.

Femur
The thigh bone is one of the largest bones in the humanoid body and thus one of the hardest to break, though not impossible.

Tibia and Fibula
The tibia and fibula are the bones in the lower leg, the tibia being the larger bone towards the inside while the fibula is the smaller, thinner bone towards the outside.

Pelvic Girdle
The pelvic girdle, otherwise known as the pelvis, is a large, bilaterally symmetric bone structure with a spread at the back and an edge at the front. These are called the pelvic inlet and the pelvic brim respectively. In humanoids, the pelvic girdle has a gap in the middle, significantly larger in females than in males. The pelvis is also tilted in females to be more horizontal, to allow easier passage of a baby’s head.

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